<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982</id><updated>2011-07-28T19:37:30.826-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pesquisas Médicas</title><subtitle type='html'>Esporte Atitude</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>10</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-4160461160662830788</id><published>2011-04-08T17:00:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-08T17:16:55.891-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Specific Human Astrocytes Promote SCI Repair</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="  ;font-family:arial;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;h2 align="center"   style="  font-weight: normal; color: rgb(215, 21, 27); margin-top: 0.85em; margin-bottom: 0.85em; font-family:arial;font-size:21px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Para assistir o video da palestra original: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; "&gt;http://www.vimeo.com/19192799&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table width="650" border="1" align="center"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt; &lt;img width="300" height="203" border="0" title="/images/uploaded/Stephen_Davies300.jpg" alt="/images/uploaded/Stephen_Davies300.jpg" src="http://www.unite2fightparalysis.org/images/uploaded/Stephen_Davies300.jpg" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-right-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-bottom-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-left-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 3px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Stephen Davies, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt; &lt;img width="300" height="204" border="0" title="/images/uploaded/Jeannette_Davies300.jpg" alt="/images/uploaded/Jeannette_Davies300.jpg" src="http://www.unite2fightparalysis.org/images/uploaded/Jeannette_Davies300.jpg" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-right-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-bottom-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-left-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 3px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Jeannette Davies, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table width="660" border="0" align="center"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Our latest SCI study published in &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017328" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;PLoS ONE&lt;/a&gt; and conducted in collaboration with Drs. Chris Proschel, Margot Mayer-Proschel and Mark Noble at University of Rochester NY, shows that transplantation of a specific sub-type of human astrocyte (a major cell type of the central nervous system) into spinal cord injured rats can promote SCI repair.  Before injection into spinal cord injuries, the human astrocytes were first made in tissue culture from a type of human nervous system stem cell called glial precursor cells.  To our knowledge, no previous study of transplanted human astrocytes derived from glial precursor cells has demonstrated functional recovery of the traumatically injured spinal cord.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Astrocytes: Why they should be a major focus of SCI repair strategies&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Glia meaning "glue" in Greek is the general name given to cells other than neurons in the central nervous system.  Two of the major types of glial cells are astrocytes - named for the star-like shape they commonly have in gray matter - and oligodendrocytes, the cells that form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers.  As the Greek meaning of their name suggests it was long thought that glial cells in general, and astrocytes in particular, merely provided structural support for neurons within tissues of the brain and spinal cord.  However it is now recognized that these relatively large cells, that greatly outnumber neurons in the human central nervous system, are vitally important for conduction of signals within neural circuits of the brain and spinal cord.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Modern studies have shown that besides providing metabolic and structural support to neurons, astrocytes can promote the growth of axons (nerve fibers) as well as regulate the formation and activity of connections (synapses) between neurons in the brain and spinal cord.  Many people have heard of neurotransmitters, molecules that are released by neurons to transmit signals to other neurons within a neural circuit.  Recently however scientists have discovered that astrocytes release their own "gliotransmitters" that can either promote or suppress the transmission of signals between neurons.  It is estimated that just one astrocyte in the cerebral cortex of the brain can regulate the activity of up to 1 million synapses between surrounding neurons.  Astrocytes are also thought to have their own signaling networks that interact with neuronal circuits.  Two lay style articles published in the popular science magazines &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2009/sep/19-dark-matter-of-the-human-brain/?searchterm=glia" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;Discover&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-root-of-thought-what" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;Scientific American&lt;/a&gt; talk about astrocytes and how they have been overlooked in terms of their importance in the normal function of the brain and spinal cord.  Another article featuring astrocytes published online by NPR describes how studies of &lt;a target="_blank" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126229305" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;Einstein's brain&lt;/a&gt;revealed that he had many more astrocytes than the average person in areas of the brain involved in complex thinking.  The many newly discovered functions of astrocytes and the growing recognition that they are essential components of neural networks make astrocytes an attractive cell type for repairing the injured or diseased brain and spinal cord.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;However, compared to neurons, relatively little is known about the functions of individual sub-types of astrocytes within the normal nervous system, let alone the functions of different types of astrocytes that can be made from human glial precursor cells or their ability to promote spinal cord repair&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table width="655" border="0" align="center"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;img width="650" height="224" border="1" align="middle" src="http://www.unite2fightparalysis.org/images/uploaded/Human_GDAs_in_Culture650.jpg" alt="/images/uploaded/Human_GDAs_in_Culture650.jpg" title="/images/uploaded/Human_GDAs_in_Culture650.jpg" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-right-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-bottom-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-left-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 3px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;The two different types of human astrocytes in tissue culture.  The left image shows the beneficial hGDAsBMP, the right image shows hGDAsCNTF.  (Tissue culture images by Dr. Proschel.)     &lt;em&gt;Images adapted from Davies et al., 2011 PLoS ONE.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table width="660" border="0" align="center"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Making the right astrocytes for SCI repair&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The discovery of glial precursor cells that could make both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the developing nervous system was first made by Drs. Mark Noble, Robert Miller and Martin Raff in 1983.  It is now known that glial precursor cells are also found in the more mature central nervous system and are thought to be involved in replacing worn out astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout adult life.  Scientists are also now realizing that there are different types of glial precursor cells that have different "restrictions" as to which specific types of glial cells they can make.  The type of glial precursor cell used to make the different types of astrocytes tested in our studies of SCI repair was first discovered by Drs. Margot Mayer-Proschel and Mahendra Rao in 1997 and named glial restricted precursor cells (GRPs).  Glial restricted precursors are a type of multi-potent neural stem cell and as their name indicates, they are restricted to making glial cells and do not make neurons.  Human GRP cells were first described in a study published in 2002 led by Dr. Mayer-Proschel.  The discovery of glial precursor cells that could make different types of astrocytes was therefore a vitally important step towards the development of future astrocyte transplantation based SCI therapies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Previous studies from other research groups had shown that the signaling molecules bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP) and cilliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are important for generating astrocytes during development of the central nervous system.  These molecules were therefore used to control which type of astrocytes the rat or human glial precursors turned into in tissue culture.  The different types of astrocytes made in this way have been named &lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;G&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;lial precursor &lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;d&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;erived &lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;strocytes BMP or &lt;strong&gt;GDA&lt;/strong&gt;sBMP, and in the case of the second type of astrocyte that proved &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; to be beneficial - GDAsCNTF.  The discoveries that a specific sub-type of astrocyte -GDAsBMP - can promote robust axon growth across injury sites, protection of brain neurons and functional recovery in spinal cord injured rats - and that transplanted GDAsCNTF fail to provide these benefits and even promote pain syndromes, were first made by the Davies research team in &lt;a href="http://jbiol.com/content/5/3/7" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://jbiol.com/content/7/7/24" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt; in collaboration with the Rochester team.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Specific human astrocytes for SCI repair &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The 2006 and 2008 studies were conducted with rat GDAs transplanted in adult rat spinal cord injuries.  Our new paper published in PLoS One shows that &lt;u&gt;different sub-types of human astrocytes&lt;/u&gt; made by the same nervous system multi-potent stem cell (the human glial precursor cell: hGPC) can also  have remarkably &lt;u&gt;different effects&lt;/u&gt;on axon growth, protection of injured spinal cord neurons and recovery of locomotor function when transplanted into the injured adult spinal cord.  For this SCI study, human glial precursor cells (hGPCs) were purified from human fetal spinal cord tissues by Dr. Chris Proschel in Rochester.  The human GPCs were then sent to the Davies research team in Denver where Dr. Jeannette Davies turned them into the two different types of human astrocytes in tissue culture and with the help of other staff in the Davies lab then investigated the ability of hGDAsBMP, hGDAsCNTF and "naive" hGPCs to promote recovery in spinal cord injured rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;p style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt; &lt;img width="650" height="297" border="1" title="/images/uploaded/hGDA_Transplants_2.3.jpg" alt="/images/uploaded/hGDA_Transplants_2.3.jpg" src="http://www.unite2fightparalysis.org/images/uploaded/hGDA_Transplants_2.3.jpg" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-right-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-bottom-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-left-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 3px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Laser scanning microscope images of transplanted human GDAsBMP (left) and GDAsCNTF (right) within the center of spinal cord injuries.  Far greater numbers of nerve fibers (green and viewed end on) have grown into the center of a spinal cord injury site filled with hGDAsBMP (red) than into an injury site filled with hGDAsCNTF (also red).    &lt;em&gt;Images adapted from Davies et al., 2011 PLoS ONE&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;The results of our experiments comparing the effects of specific sub-types of human astrocytes and glial precursor cells on spinal cord repair have important implications for the future development of human astrocyte and stem cell transplantation based therapies:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;(1) Our studies show for the first time that different sub-types of human astrocytes that can be made by the same type of human glial precursor cell can have widely different effects on growth of axons (nerve fibers), protection of injured neurons and most importantly recovery of locomotor function when transplanted into the injured spinal cord.  Treatment of acute cervical spinal cord injured rats with human GDAsBMP promoted a robust recovery of targeted paw placement in a stringent test of brain control of limb movement.  Spinal cord injured rats that received transplants of human GDAsCNTF however completely failed to show this locomotor recovery, similar to rats that had received no treatment at all.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;(2) Our paper is the first to show that transplantation of pure cell suspensions of a specific type of human astrocytes into the traumatically injured adult spinal cord can promote robust protection of spinal cord neurons.  The beneficial human GDAsBMP cells promoted a remarkable ~ 70% increase in protection of motor neurons (the spinal neurons that control muscle movement) as well as robust protection of several types of spinal neurons in tissues adjacent to injury sites.  This result also has important implications for the use of these cells in treating neuro-degenerative disorders such as ALS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;(3) That "naive" human glial precursor cells (that were not first instructed in tissue culture as to which glial cells to turn into) failed to promote functional recovery or similarly robust protection of multiple types of spinal cord neurons when transplanted into identical spinal cord injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;(4) Our collaboration with the Rochester team has led to the discovery of a specific type of human astrocyte - the hGDAsBMP - that is remarkably effective at promoting SCI repair.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;As our research continues with the University of Rochester team, we are realizing that not all types of human astrocytes that can be made from human stem cells have the same capacity to promote SCI repair - and - not all types of stem cells / glial precursor cells are necessarily competent to make specific types of beneficial astrocytes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;img width="500" height="468" border="2" src="http://www.unite2fightparalysis.org/images/uploaded/SCI_Recovery_Graph650.jpg" alt="/images/uploaded/SCI_Recovery_Graph650.jpg" title="/images/uploaded/SCI_Recovery_Graph650.jpg" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-right-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-bottom-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); border-left-color: rgb(207, 19, 19); padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 3px; " /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Graph shows the numbers of mistakes made by different groups of rats with cervical spinal cord injuries that have received hGDAsBMP (black dot), hGDAsCNTF (white dot) or no treatment (black triangle).  The Grid Walk / Horizontal Ladder test is a stringent test of brain controlled targeting of accurate paw placement in rats with cervical spinal cord injuries.  Before injury all rats are making ~ 2 mistakes on average.  At 3 days after injury all groups of rats are making around 8 mistakes.  However by 28 days after injury / treatment, the scores of all SCI rats that received hGDAsBMP have recovered to near pre-injury scores.  The rats treated with the other type of human astrocyte (hGDAsCNTF) had scores that were not better than untreated SCI rats at all time points.  This kind of SCI experiment clearly identifies which cells are best suited for SCI repair (hGDAsBMP) and which cells are not (hGDAsCNTF).     &lt;em&gt;Images adapted from Davies et al., 2011 PLoS ONE.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Moving to treatment of human SCI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Our latest SCI studies clearly show that human GDAsBMP represent a highly promising human cell type for treating human spinal cord injuries.  The challenge now is to accelerate the process of moving these cells from the lab to the clinic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sources of human stem cells for making hGDAsBMP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;At present there are a variety of different sources of stem cells that could potentially be used to make the specific hGDAsBMP used in our experiments.  However, although we are working with Dr. Proschel to make this type of human astrocyte from embryonic and adult (iPS) stem cells, our latest paper describes a clinically relevant means by which large numbers of beneficial hGDAsBMP can be rapidly made from fetal human GPCs that have been stimulated to undergo cell division in tissue culture.  Theoretically enough human GPCs can be harvested from just one fetal spinal cord to generate enough human GDAsBMP cells to treat many people with spinal cord injuries.  Deriving hGDAsBMP from fetal tissue therefore presents one approach by which this type of astrocyte can be translated from the lab to human use in the near future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;&lt;em&gt;Developing the best ways of using hGDAsBMP to promote SCI repair&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;Making hGDAsBMP suitable for human clinical trials however is only half the challenge.  Developing a better understanding of the likely multiple different mechanisms by which hGDAsBMP promote functional recovery is vitally important if clinicians are to use these cells in the most effective manner for treating acute and chronic SCI in humans.  How best to use these cells to treat different types (transection "cuts" and contusions) and severities of SCI at different levels of the spinal cord must also be investigated in animal SCI models.  These kinds of experiments are ongoing as are investigations of the ability of GDAsBMP to promote recovery in the chronically injured spinal cord.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left" style="line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Learning how best to combine hGDAsBMP with other promising cell, drug or rehab based SCI treatments being developed by research groups around the world is also important for optimizing SCI repair.  In a separate line of research, our research team in Denver is also developing the use of a molecule called Decorin for treatment of both acute and chronic spinal cord injuries.  Our latest research indicates that treatment of spinal cord injuries with Decorin alone holds equal promise as an SCI therapy.  Our ultimate goal however is to combine the use of hGDAsBMP and Decorin in treating acute and chronic SCI in humans. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;http://www.unite2fightparalysis.org/humangdaoverview&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-4160461160662830788?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/4160461160662830788/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=4160461160662830788' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/4160461160662830788'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/4160461160662830788'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2011/04/specific-human-astrocytes-promote-sci.html' title='Specific Human Astrocytes Promote SCI Repair'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-815415035529398559</id><published>2011-04-06T17:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-08T17:32:59.716-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Lesão medular e exercícios no calor</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Site de medicina esportiva da Gatorade: www.gssi.com.br&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Traduzido por Associação Esporte Atitude Londrina&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Maria T.E. Hopman, Ph.D. Member, GSSI Board of Advisors for Science and Education, Europe Department of Physiology, University of Nijmegen Rob A. Binkhorst, Ph.D. Department of Physiology, University of Nijmegen The Netherlands &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;PONTOS CHAVE 1. A capacidade de regulagem de temperatura do e exercícios físicos é uma função de quatro fatores · A quantidade de calor produzida dentro do corpo; · O transporte de calor dos músculos para a pele; · A habilidade de dissipação de calor para o ambiente; · A capacidade do corpo em se ajustar fisiologicamente para continuar a regular a temperatura. 2. Durante treinos físicos, o atleta que tem disabilidade por lesão medular, da mesma forma que os atletas normais, enfrentam os riscos do estresse pelo calor. No entanto, a lesão afeta o volume de sangue em circulação, produção de suor e regulagem de calor além de influenciar a capacidade termoreguladora. 3. O risco de estresse por calor aparece na em indivíduos com lesão acima de T6, porque eles são incapazes de aumentar os batimentos cardíacos para manter, quando o sangue precisa ir para os dois locais, músculo e pele e porque eles possuem capacidade de transpiração reduzida. Introdução Oportunidades de competição em para-desporto, avanços em tratamentos médicos e terapias de recuperação funcional de deficientes físicos e o reconhecimento que exercícios físicos são benéficos tanto para deficientes como não deficientes físicos, têm contribuído para a participação crescente de PNEs (portadores de necessidades especiais), no esporte. Assim como os atletas normais, os PNEs enfrentam limitações de fadiga e performance, nutrição e necessidade de líquido, e a possibilidade do cansaço pelo calor. Neste relatório, nós iremos discutir termoregulação e função cardiovascular em atletas PNEs. Nós faremos várias recmendações para a redução da chance de se ter problemas com o calor e para retardar a fadiga em atletas PNEs. Princípios de termoregulação Em repouso, o corpo humano produz calor aproximado de 70W, ou 1Kcal/min, podendo chegar a 2100W (30Kcal/min) durante o pico de treino de um atleta. Porém a esta taxa de produção de calor depende do tipo de tabalho e eficiência mecânica para a execução de uma tarefa. A energia que não é dissipada como calor do corpo será transformada em trabalho mecânico. O exercício mais eficiente em humanos é o ciclismo, com uma eficiência de aproximadamente 20 a 30%. O restante da energia, cerca de 80% da energia metabolizada, é perdida como calor pelo corpo. Tecnicamente, em descanso e durante atividades como caminhar e correr, por exemplo, atividades sem resistência externa, pouco ou nenhum trabalho externo é realizado, todo o calor produzido pela energia metabólica será dissipada pelo corpo como calor. A quantidade total de calor liberado pelo corpo não é dependente apenas da taxa de metabolismo e eficiência mecânica, mas também na duração da atividade. Por exemplo, a quantidade total de calor liberado pelo corpo durante 8h de sono é de 115KJ (480Kcal), no entanto o total não passa de 35KJ (150Kcal) para um atleta realizando exercícios no nível de 2100W (30Kcal/min). A razão para isso é que o atleta só é capaz de realizar exercícios a esse nível por 5 minutos. O atleta produz uma quantidade bastante grande de calor em conseqüência de exercícios de alta intensidade por tempos prolongados. O calor irá acumular no corpo se as vias de dissipação e evaporação de suor mais a radiação e o fluxo do calor a partir da pele estiverem indisponíveis ou em mal funcionamento. A temperatura do corpo então irá subir para níveis muito altos. Se uma pessoa corre a 15km/h e o corpo não puder liberar o calor por alguma razão, a temperatura interna aumentaria para além dos 40ºC (104ºC em 15 min.). Consequentemente , exercícios pesados prolongados nesse calor aumenta o risco de vida. Durante os exercícios, o calor corporal é gerado primeiramente nos músculos ativos. O mecanismo de transporte, que inclui circulação sanguínea e condução entre os tecidos, trás o calor até a pele. Na pele, a evaporação, fluxo de calor, radiação e condução, pode transferir o calor da pele para o ambiente. Algumas situações podem impedir a liberação de calor. Por exemplo, a evaporação de suor irá estagnar quando a umidade do ar é alta. Também quando a temperatura do ar for mais alta que a temperatura da pele, fluxo do calor, radiação e condução irão resultar na transferência do calor do ar para o corpo. Para manter a temperatura do corpo dentro de uma faixa segura, os seguintes fatores devem ser considerados: a. a intensidade e duração do exercício e da eficiência mecânica para o esforço a ser realizado (isso define a qantidade de calor a ser liberado pelo corpo); b. a circulação sanguínea e volume de sangue (isso define o transporte do calor dos músculos para a pele); c. a quantidade de suor produzido e a temperatura e umidade do ambiente (isso determina quanto calor poderá ser dispensado para o ambiente); d. a capacidade do corpo fazer outros ajustes fisiológicos para conseguir continuar a regular a temperatura. Por exemplo, durante o exercício, fluxo sanguíneo é deslocado do fígado e outros órgãos internos para os músculos e para a pele. Essa redistribuição de fluxo sanguíneo aumenta a função muscular e dissipação de calor sem diminuir o ritmo cardíaco ou causar grandes variações na pressão do sangue. O leitor pode consultar mais informações sobre esse tópico em uma edição mais atualizada de Sports Science Exchange por Nadel (1990). Características dos indivíduos com lesão medular Em atletas lesados medulares, três dos quatro fatores necessários para regular s temperatura são afetados (Binkhorst, 1995; Hopman, 1993, 1994). Especificamente, o volume de sangue em circulação, produção de suor e superfície de pele disponível para transferência de calor com o ambiente, são afetados e podem danificar a habilidade do atleta em permanecer refrigerado durante exercícios físicos. Nesta seção, discutiremos como esses fatores são afetados e como pode alterar a termoregulagem nos atletas com lesão medular. A extensão da forma como a circulação é afetada depende do nível e gravidade (completa ou incompleta) da lesão medular. A figura 1 identifica os possíveis níveis de lesão. Depois de uma lesão completa acima de T6, a regulagem simpática do coração é afetada, o pulso se mantém baixo e a força da contração do miocárdio é danificada. A distribuição do sangue abaixo do nível da lesão é danificada devido a falta de vaso constrição dos órgãos internos do abdômen e pélvis; isso reduz a habilidade de redistribuição de sangue durante o exercício. Além disso, o fluxo sanguíneo nos músculos e pele, como também a atividade das glândulas de suor são danificadas abaixo do nível da lesão medular. Figura 1: Diagrama do Sistema Nervoso Central e as saídas neurológicas para o Sistema Nervoso Motor (Enervações da musculatura esquelética) e Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (órgãos internos, vasos sanguíneos, glândulas de suor). Enervações relacionadas ao nível de lesão são indicados. Baseado nessa informação, indivíduos lesados medulares podem ser classificados em grupos. Uma lesão completa entre T6 e T10 não afetará a função cardíaca. No entanto, o sistema simpático de vaso constrição abdominal e órgãos da pelve, é ausente abaixo desse tipo de lesão. A regulagem das glândulas de suor e controle do fluxo sanguíneo para os músculos e pele abaixo da lesão, também são danificados. Com uma lesão completa em T10 ou abaixo, haverá a perda do centro de regulagem de vasoconstrição da região pélvica, redução de fluxo de sangue para as pernas (músculos e pele), e uma atividade de transpiração reduzida abaixo do nível da lesão. É esperado assim, que durante os exercícios, as respostas fisiológicas de indivíduos com lesão medular no calor sejam diferentes das respostas de um atleta normal e que as mudanças irão depender do nível e tipo de lesão medular. Indivíduos com Lesão medular que se exercitam no calor Tipicamente, indivíduos com lesão medular, utilizam os braços para levar a cadeira em que sentam para fazer os exercícios. Os 8 – 15% de eficiência mecânica dos braços é menor do que a eficiência no ciclismo. Consequentemente, uma parte substancial de energia metabólica nessas pessoas irá se transformar em calor nos músculos. Assim, o estresse térmico é maior comparado ao de exercícios de perna a determinada taxa de metabolismo, devido as desvantagens cardiovasculares no suporte a termoregulagem (retorno venoso diminuído, baixo volume de pulso)(Sawka 1986). Uma serie de experimentos relatados por Hopman (1994) demonstraram o efeito dos exercícios prolongados no calor nos lesados medulares. Três grupos de paraplégicos treinados, do sexo masculino (P) com lesão medular completa e um grupo de controle (C) participaram desses experimentos. Os níveis de lesão, com mais de dois anos, eram T2-T6(P1), T7-T9(P2), e T10-T12(P3). Os indivíduos realizaram 45 minutos de pedalagem com os braços a 40% de suas cargas máximas, 462W (6,6Kcal/min), 362W (5,2Kcal/min), 333W (4,8Kcal/min), 282W (4,0Kcal/min), respectivamente, para os grupos C, P3, P2 e P1. Por causa dos diferentes valores de saída de potencia, as quantidades de calor a serem dissipadas, diferiam entre os grupos mesmo mantendo os mesmos padrões de ambiente (35ºC, 70% de umidade relativa do ar e vento abaixo de 0.1m/s). Os pacientes beberam água. Taxa de metabolismo, batimento cardíaco, pulso, temperatura retal, temperatura da pele acima e abaixo da lesão, e perda de suor e fluídos foram anotados. Circulação sanguínea na lesão medular Um achado do estudo de Hopman (1994) foi que indivíduos com lesão acima de T6 Estavam em risco de estresse por calor durante o exercício. Durante o exercício no calor a taxa de metabolismo de cada grupo se manteve estável durante os 45 minutos, sugerindo que a eficiência mecânica permaneceu consistente e que os indivíduos não ficaram cansados. No entanto, aqueles com lesão acima de T6 experimentaram um decréscimo nos batimentos cardíacos durante os exercícios devido a diminuição no volume de sangue bombeado pelo coração, em conjunto a um pequeno aumento nos batimentos cardíacos. Este último é uma conseqüência da falta de enervações simpáticas de controle do coração como resultado da lesão. A média de batimentos em indivíduos com lesão acima de T6, alcançou apenas 110 Bpm, o outro grupo atingiu a 130-150 Bpm ao final do exercício. A altas taxas de batimento os dois grupos mantiveram o volume de sangue que é bombeado para o coração no mesmo nível, mesmo com o volume de sangue bombeado do coração tendo diminuído durante os exercícios de maneira que o fluxo central de sangue foi reduzido como conseqüência do aumento do fluxo sanguíneo para a teremoregulagem (Gass $ Camp, 1987). Quais as implicações disso para pacientes e atletas com lesão medular acima de T6 ? Durante exercícios prolongados em ambiente de calor, a circulação precisa manter uma pressão sanguínea adequada para prover de sangue, os músculos em atividade e ao mesmo tempo a pele, e longe do fígado, rins e aparelho digestivo. Se o volume de sangue que sai do coração, não consegue atender os as duas demandas, a primeira prioridade do organismo é manter a pressão sanguínea (Binkhorst &amp;amp; Hopman, 1995). A pele irá receber menor quantidade de sangue e a temperatura do sangue irá subir, e o risco de falência dos órgãos por calor aumenta. Uma redução no volume de sangue bombeado a partir do coração como aquelas que ocorrem nos indivíduos comlesão medular acima de T6 indica que o sistema circulatório não consegue atender o aumento de circulação sanguínea exigido pelo organismo em um ambiente de calor. A TEMPERATURA DO CORPO EM INDIVÍDUOS LESADOS MEDULARES Em repouso e no início dos exercícios, a temperatura da pele (Tp) que recobre tronco e pernas de atletas sem lesão medular, no estudo de Hopman (1994), foi parecido (35ºc), indicando uma distribuição homogênea de fluxo do sangue por todo o corpo. Ao contrário, em todos os indivíduos com lesão medular, a temperatura das pernas era de 32ºC, cerca de 4ºC abaixo da temperatura da pele acima do nível da lesão (próximo a 36ºC), indicando danos ao fluxo de sangue abaixo do nível da lesão. Ao final do período de exercícios, o tronco e pernas de indivíduos tinham temperatura homogênea (36-37ºC), já no grupo de lesados medulares, Tp do tronco foi de 38ºC, claramente mais quente que a Tp das pernas (34ºC). Parte do calor produzido durante os exercícios é comunicado pelo sangue para as pernas de indivíduos com LM, o que explica o aumento da Tp abaixo do nível da lesão. No grupo P1 o pequeno aumento na Tp das pernas (comparado a os outros grupos P) pode ser devido a baixa taxa de metabolismo alcançada durante exercícios e a um distúrbio maior na distribuição sanguínea. A alta Tp do tronco dos LM acima de T6, comparado a indivíduos com lesões mais baixas e de atletas normais pode estar relacionada a danos no sistema de produção de suor dos indivíduos do grupo P1. O exercício e ambiente usado no experimento de Hopman (1994) não levou os indivíduos a limites extremos de temperatura. No entanto, baseado nas taxas de temperatura retal (Tr) (Gass ET al.,1998) e temperatura total do corpo (Tc) (Tc = 0,2Tp + 0,8Tr), exercícios de maior duração em LM acima de T6, podem colocar esses indivíduos em risco. A temperatura Tr tanto dos LM quanto dos normais (inicialmente 36,1-37,4ºC) aumentou 0,5-0,8ºC. O índice de temperatura do corpo aumentou 2-3% para C e P. A Tr mais alta foi de 38ºC em indivíduos normais e nos LM acima de T6. A temperatura total dos normais e dos LM abaixo de T6, aumentou do repouso (35,5-36,8ºC) ao final do exercício (36,5-37,5ºC) e demonstrou que se comportam da mesma forma. No entanto, em LM acima de T6, a temperatura do corpo cresceu linearmente (de 36,5 para 38,0ºC) até o final do exercício, sem demonstrar um limite máximo. TRANSPIRAÇÃO EM LESADOS MEDULARES O ambiente relativamente quente usado no experimento de Hopman (1994) demonstrou que o meio mais importante de dissipação de calor, é através da evaporação de suor. Existe uma relação linear entre a produção de suor e liberação de calor pelos indivíduos dos 4 grupos: 718,425,335 e 172g de suor foram liberados respectivamente pelos indivíduos: normais, T10-T12, T7-T9 e T2-T6. Uma relação linear também foi encontrada entre a produção de suor e o tamanho da superfície acima da lesão medular que se encontrava em funcionamento. No entanto, o fato de que Tr e Tp começaram a se nivelar até o final do teste, indica que a transpiração manteve estável o equilíbrio térmico nos indivíduos normais e com LM abaixo de T6. Ao contrário, indivíduos com LM acima da T6 não atingiram equilíbrio entre produção de calor e dissipação de calor durante o exercício. RESUMO O estresse de calor durante o exercício físico é uma preocupação de todos os atletas, na maioria dos casos, atletas com LM são fisiologicamente capazes de realizar exercícios de pedalar manualmente em experimentos. No entanto, durante exercícios, o volume de sangue bombeado pelo coração de pessoas com LM, é menor do que em indivíduos normais (Hopman ET AL., 1992; Davis ET AL., 1990). O baixo volume de bombeamento do sangue em LM pode ser um fator limitante para a realização dos exercícios, especialmente no que diz respeito ao calor quando o bombeamento do sangue cai e o ritmo cardíaco tenta compensar para manter o fluxo sanguíneo. Para indivíduos com lesão medular acima de T6, a combinação de calor e exercícios, pode levar a complicações circulatórias e ou a temperaturas corporais inaceitáveis. Nesses indivíduos, o ritmo cardíaco atinge níveis mais baixos do que em pessoas normais e lesados medulares em níveis mais baixos. O coração não consegue manter o fluxo sanguíneo para músculos e pele em indivíduos com lesão medular acima de T6. Consequentemente, o fluxo de sangue para a pele é diminuído, e a temperatura sobe indesejavelmente. Em situações cardíacas mais extremas (alta temperatura e alta umidade) e ou durante exercícios de alta intensidade, atletas com lesão medular são mais suscetíveis a problemas de estresse por calor do que indivíduos normais. Além disso, os efeitos do estresse por calor podem ser maiores ainda se o indivíduo não está totalmente hidratado. É importante que, para atletas com lesão medular, seus treinadores e técnicos tenham ciência das condições de ambiente; para realizar as mudanças apropriadas na intensidade do treinamento, ambiente (fechado, aberto), duração, e para garantir a hidratação apropriada durante exercícios. Da mesma forma que atletas normais, os atletas lesados medulares, devem usar roupas leves, e devem permanecer sempre alertas a sinais de potenciais problemas com o estresse de calor, como a fadiga, dores de cabeça e tontura. Devem também se aclimatizar gradualmente a ambientes de exercício muito quentes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-815415035529398559?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/815415035529398559/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=815415035529398559' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/815415035529398559'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/815415035529398559'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2011/04/lesao-medular-e-exercicios-no-calor.html' title='Lesão medular e exercícios no calor'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-815224933782444112</id><published>2007-12-20T09:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-04-08T16:33:37.779-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Spinal Cord Injury Research Review</title><content type='html'>Fifteen years ago, it did not seem likely that there would be treatments for paralysis, but major recent developments have shown that there is good reason to hope.  While treatments are still in the future, our understanding of how the body reacts after an injury and what we can do to help repair the damage is growing at a fantastic pace. Moreover, there are many new technologies emerging that allow us to ask questions and look for answers in ways unthought-of only 5 years ago.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To find treatments for spinal cord injury, we need to explore the nervous system, the response of the immune system, how things developed in the first place, what various drugs do, and what the anatomy looks like.  Each of these, and this list in incomplete, is a highly specialized field of study.  Generally, scientists focus their research on only one of these areas, and that is a full time job. Each is a small part of the SCI puzzle.  To put the puzzle together, scientists need to work together and they need to communicate.  One goal of the RIRC is to serve as a central hub for research information on SCI, bringing together scientists in California and across the globe.  In addition to fostering collaborations and communication among scientists, we realize the necessity of including people with SCI, physicians, and rehabilitations experts in the dialogue.  It is only through working together as a group that real treatments will be found and moved into people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The RIRC, however, is not only a place that brings people with a vested interest in SCI together, it is a major research facility in it own right.  We are devoted to studies of basic cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the response of the nervous system to injury, and to use that understanding to develop treatments for SCI.  The RIRC has 4 primary investigators and 15 Center Associates exploring different aspects of neural repair and SCI.  Each is looking at a piece of the SCI puzzle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Containing Secondary Damage&lt;br /&gt;After the initial trauma to the spinal cord, the body reacts with an immune response that leads to swelling, inflammation, and clean up of dying cells.  Unfortunately, this response can also cause tremendous damage.  The damage created by the body's response is called secondary damage or secondary degeneration.  The result of this is a large hole, or fluid filled cyst, in the spinal cord going millimeters to centimeters above and below the initial trauma site.  To someone with SCI, this can mean a tremendous difference in residual ability, for example being able to control your hands or not.  If we understand why cells continue to die after the trauma, we can look for ways to prevent cell death and keep the damaged area to a minimum, and an individual's capabilities to a maximum.  The RIRC is attacking this part of the SCI puzzle from several angles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Surprisingly, it is only recently that scientists have really started paying attention to the role of the immune system after SCI. One critical part of the immune system is called the compliment cascade, and until Dr. Aileen Anderson began studying it, no one knew about its role after SCI.  The complement cascade is one means by which inflammation can cause cells like neurons and oligodendrocytes (myelin makers) to die.  Complement does this through the formation of the 'Big Mac', or membrane attack complex (MAC).  Only this MAC doesn't include french fries and a coke. Instead, this MAC makes a hole in the cell, and if enough MACs are formed on the surface of the cell, the cell dies.  Usually it is invading cells like bacteria and viruses that are attacked by complement created MAC. However, after SCI, many damaged but surviving cells in the spinal cord are 'tagged' for removal by the complement system even though it is possible that these cells could recover and function again.  Dr. Anderson's work suggests that for spinal cord injury, rather than cleaning up dying and damaged cells immediately, a better overall strategy might be to block the inflammatory response early on.  Dr. Anderson is working on ways to change the compliment cascade, and so change the amount of damage following injury.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The complement cascade is one component of the immune response after injury.  Dr. Hans Keirstead, in collaboration with Dr. Tom Lane, an immunologist studying MS at UCI, is exploring another.  They found that immune cells, specifically destructive T-cells, flock to the injury site within hours of injury.  Drs. Keirstead and Lane have identified a key molecule that brings the destructive T-cells into the injury.  This molecule, IP-10, is like the soldier who plays reveille and calls the troops out.  Dr. Keirstead has found that if bugle is not blown, the destructive T-cells do not come into the injury site, and over 70% of the tissue that would have been destroyed is saved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To take the next step from lab bench to clinical trial, Dr. Keirstead formed Ability Biomedical, a small biotech company, to carry out the preclinical research.  Preclinical studies make sure that the treatment is not toxic to human tissue, explores when the treatment should be given and at what dose, dn repeats the studies in multiple species.  Last fall this technology was sold to a larger biotech company, Medarex, who has announced it will be talking this treatment to clinical trail in humans in 2005.  However, they will likely not being going in SCI first.  It turns out, the immune system cell that recruits the destructive T-cells in SCI is also the bad guy in MS, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain forms of macular degeneration. There are far more people with, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, 2.1 million in the USA, than there are new SCI injuries, 11,000 in the USA per year.  Also people with a disease like rheumatoid arthritis are more stable, not having multiple other injuries that are frequently seen following SCI, making a clinical trial easier in that population.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From our point of view, this actually might not be a bad way to go.  That is, if Medarex can show this treatment is safe faster in inflammatory bowel disease, then we can take it to a phase 2 clinical trial in SCI faster. Reeve-Irvine Research Center is already working on ways that we can take this into SCI as quickly as possible as we believe it will have an enormous impact on the recovery of people with new injuries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enhancing the growth and regeneration of damaged nerve cells&lt;br /&gt;In humans, during development, there is massive neuronal growth.  Once functional connections are made, this growth is shut off by a variety of inhibitory mechanisms that prevent the nervous system from growing out of control.  The problem is, after a spinal cord injury, these inhibitors stop nerve cells from regrowing. The stop signs that are so important in normal development become a major roadblock to regeneration. Scientists have long recognized that the environment of the CNS, the brain and spinal cord, is inhibitory for regeneration, and that Nogo, a small protein made by myelin (the insulation that wraps around axons and allows neurons to send electrical signals) is a part of the inhibition story.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Oswald Steward, RIRC Director, is looking at the role of Nogo by examining animal models that do not have Nogo. We do not know of existing animals that lack Nogo, but we can make them through a process called transgenics. We know a great deal about the mouse genome and can manipulate it to add specific genes, knock-in models, or remove specific genes, knock-out models.  Several research groups have generated different mouse models that change the Nogo gene, and interestingly, the different models show mixed results, with some showing no regeneration, some showing a little regeneration, and some showing robust regeneration.  Dr. Steward is looking to understand the difference between these models and to better understand the role of Nogo.  His research is targeting ways to improve the regeneration seen when the stop signs are removed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The development of a single drug is estimated to require over $1 billion and 10 years, and the majority of therapies fail along the way for a variety of reasons, including safety, efficacy, or impracticality. Dr. Os Steward has begun a Roman Reed supported project that could bypass many years of pre-clinical testing and safety trials and save hundreds of millions of dollars.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pharmaceutical companies often test many forms a drug, only one of which might end up in your medicine cabinet.  The others might be safe in people, but for whatever reason, are not what the company is looking for and so they sit on a shelf in the company lab. These FDA approved therapies represent a fantastic opportunity.  Through a relationship with a pharmaceutical company, Dr. Steward has access to 7 of these drugs and will be testing them in rats with chronic, cervical spinal injuries.  These particular drugs were singled out for SCI testing because they are neuroprotective in a fish model of neural injury.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If one of these already FDA tested therapies proves useful for spinal cord repair, even if it was original developed to prevent hair loss or erectile dysfunction, a clinical trial could begin in a matter of months. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The enormous potential of the general strategy of testing FDA approved therapies was demonstrated by a recent study in which over 1,000 potential drugs were tested to see if they prevented motoneuron degeneration in vitro (see Anatomy 101 for some definitions). Agents with positive effects in a dish were then screened in an animal model of ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease), a devastating disease where people slowly lose the ability to control their muscles because of motor neuron loss. This screen led to the discovery that certain antibiotics in use for other indications have a completely un-expected neuroprotective effect. The initial discovery was published in January 2005, and it was then possible to immediately plan a clinical efficacy trial for ALS patients for 2006.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Steward plans to capitalize on this approach and will screen drugs that are already approved by the FDA for use in humans or that are in a late phase of development for other applications.  Therapeutic efficacy of these drugs will be tested in well-characterized animal models of cervical SCI that assess the kind of forelimb motor functions that are important for people (forelimb and digit use).  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An approach involving screening of FDA approved drugs offers the potential of bringing a basic discovery to an initial clinical efficacy trial (phase II human clinical trial) within MONTHS rather than years after the initial discovery of therapeutic efficacy in animal models.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Keirstead is using a different approach to neural regeneration.  He is a myelin expert. Myelin is the insulation in the central nervous system that allows neurons to send electrical messages. He has developed several different lines of research looking at degeneration and regeneration of myelin. One project involves a novel immunological technique for temporarily removing myelin from discrete areas of the spinal cord. Dr. Keirstead has used his innovative technology, on which he holds a patent, to show that it is possible to promote axon regeneration in the spinal cord of experimental animals by temporarily removing myelin.  Once the axon has grown through the injury to its pre-trauma site, the myelin can be regenerated allowing restoration of function.  However, you still have the problem of the fluid filled hole that the axons must cross.  To deal with this, Dr. Keirstead transplants Schwann cells, myelin makers of the periphery, into the cavity to act as a bridge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A second tissue transplant approach by Dr. Keirstead is with human embryonic stem cells.  Embryonic stem cells have the ability to become any of the body's cell types, and so offer tremendous promise for treating many diseases and injuries with cell replacement.  Dr. Keirstead is working in collaboration with Geron of Menlo Park, California.  Geron owns several of the federally approved human embryonic stem cell lines.  To be therapeutic, embryonic stem cells must be told what to become.  If you transplant pure stem cells into a spinal cord injury, you will get a tumor.  The stem cells must be pre-differentiated.  That is, you must tell the stem cells what you want them to become before you transplant them.  For SCI, we need central nervous system cells, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.  Dr. Keirstead was the first to figure out how to turn human embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocytes, the insulation makers of the central nervous system.  Not only can he make human embryonic stem cells turn into oligodendrocytes, he can make high purity population, where 98% of the stem cells turn into myelin makers.  This means that when these cells are transplanted into a spinal cord injury, we know exactly what they will become.  To take this type of therapy to humans, this is essential.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over the past couple of years, Dr. Keirstead has been working out the best model for using the cells for SCI repair. When these cells are transplanted into a rat with SCI 7 days after the injury, the transplanted cells turn into myelin makers and they wrap up nerve cells that have lost their insulation. These cells show all the chemical markers of normal oligodendrocytes and have the correct anatomical appearance. These cells also seem to be functional.  Animals that receive the transplants show better walking 2 months after injury than animals with the same injury and no transplant.  The walking is not perfect, but it is significantly better.  Based on these exciting results, Geron and Dr. Keirstead are working hard with the FDA to get this to clinical trial in humans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Keirstead has also tried this therapy in a chronic situation.  Rats with 1-year-old injuries (given that rats only live about 2 years, that's an old injury) do not show improved walking when given oligodendrocyte stem cell transplants.  We think we know why though - scar.  A long-term, or chronic, SCI has a tremendous amount of scarring. Dr. Keirstead has found that the scar is not just around the injury site, but also around individual axons, the part of the nerve cell that sends messages.  Members of his group are now focusing specifically on the scar with the goal of removing or penetrating it to allow for repair.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A third tissue transplant approach by Dr. Keirstead uses olfactory ensheathing glia, or OEGs.  OEGs normally support the regeneration of olfactory neurons (smell neurons), which are the only central nervous system neurons in adult humans to regularly regenerate.  Dr. Keirstead has transplanted rat OEGs into rats and is now using human OEGs transplanted into rats as the next step toward treatments for humans.  The National Institutes of Health had been waiting for over 5 years to give a store of pure human OEGs to a scientist with a far reaching and forward thinking research program.  Dr. Keirstead, it turns out, is the scientist they were waiting for.  He has successfully grown the human OEGs in culture, no mean feat in itself, and is now transplanting these cells into rats with SCI.  Preliminary results indicate that animals with these transplants recover function better, and there is a suggestion that OEGs may play a role in bring bladder function back faster.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Aileen Anderson is using yet another approach.  She is working with Stem Cell, Inc. using their human neural stem cells.  Unlike the embryonic stem cells, which have to be told what to become, these cells already know what they want to become - central nervous system tissue.  Rather than forcing the stem cells to become a specific type of cell, like Dr. Keirstead's oligodendrocytes, Dr. Anderson is transplanting the neural stem cells into a SCI in mice and letting the cells decide what to become and where to go.  When transplanted a week after injury, the neural stem cells migrate around the injury site and become a mixture of neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.  Moreover, the mice that received the cells after injury recover walking better than animals with the same injury and no transplant. Dr. Anderson and her team are now looking to understand what signals make the stem cells become one cell type or another and how this might be used as a therapy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Improving Motor Recovery&lt;br /&gt;Much of SCI research focuses on recovery of walking, but to those with quadriplegia, hand function is desperately important. Dr. Kim Anderson has been working on ways to measure hand function in a rat model.  Researchers rarely use cervical injuries, which cause quadriplegia.  As with humans, animals with cervical injuries are often compromised to a degree that self-care becomes impossible.  However, Dr. Anderson has developed a model where specific aspects of hand function, fine motor control and grip, are lost or reduced after injury, but the animal is otherwise completely functional.  When asked to do certain specific tasks, the rats show deficits, but otherwise you can't tell them from uninjured animals.  We now can use this model to assess various treatments on recovery of hand function.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rehabilitation is another very important component of SCI research and functional recovery.  Center Associate Dr. David Reinkensmeyer, an aerospace engineer, is developing robots for rehabilitation.  He is specifically interested in the area of biomechatronics, or the use of intelligent electromechanical systems to diagnose, treat and support affected functions of the human body.  He and his team have developed a robot that helps to retrain arm movements.  The device supports the arm and basically removes gravity.  Video game like tasks are used to repeat different movements, strengthening muscles and neural connections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. Reinkensmeyer is also collaborating with researchers at California State University at Los Angeles and UCLA to develop a robot that would coordinate step training.  Researchers at UCLA have found that the spinal cord below an injury can remember how to walk or stand, but it must be retrained to do so. Animals with spinal cord injuries can learn to walk on a treadmill, and humans can also.  While injured individuals can not walk on their own, with body support and therapists or, even better, robots moving their legs, they can begin to retrain their muscles and nerves to produce walking movements. This may be very important for keeping an injured individual's body ready for when treatments become available and further data suggests can help improve what function is left after injury. In addition to developing robots for human treadmill training, Dr. Reinkensmeyer is also creating ones for rats and mice to be used in the laboratory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Autonomic Function&lt;br /&gt;Autonomic functions are bodily functions over which we have little conscious control.  Bladder and bowel function, sexual function, pain, regulation of temperature and blood pressure are all autonomic functions.  While paralysis is the most obvious result of SCI, according to a recent survey, people with SCI reported that return of bowel / bladder and sexual function would most improve quality of life.  This survey was taken by Dr. Kim Anderson at the RIRC.  Herself a quadriplegic, Dr. Anderson realized that there was a real disconnect between what SCI researchers were measuring and what was most important to people with SCI.  Her data clearly showed that research on autonomic functions was most definitely needed and the research community has responded.  Here at the RIRC, almost all of our experiments now measure pain and bladder function in addition to walking.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It may be that a treatment for bladder dysfunction or other autonomic functions is easier to develop than one for walking. Obviously, we'd want to get that to people as quickly as possible to improve quality of life while continuing to work on locomotion and other components of SCI.  Indeed, it may very well be that treatments become available in a piece meal fashion, with scientists finding answers for different aspects of SCI with different types of treatments.  These would eventually form combination therapies addressing all aspects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Models and Techniques&lt;br /&gt;In order to find treatments for spinal cord injury, researchers need good tools.  These tools allow us to ask questions like did the treatment result in better functional recovery, is a specific molecule responsible for blocking regeneration, and which cells survived after transplantation. Tools include the correct animal models.  Rats and mice are excellent animal models for spinal cord injury research.  Rats have much the same physical response to injury that humans do, and we know a great deal about mouse genetics and so are able to manipulate their genes to ask all manor of questions.  In addition to models, research tools also include techniques that allow us to ask new questions, examine problems in a new way, or get information that was previously inaccessible. Development of such tools is an essential part of spinal cord injury research and will play a critical roll in all treatments.  The Reeve-Irvine Research Center is actively involved in developing new models and tools to find answers to the SCI research puzzle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SCI research has brought us to a place that no one imagined even 15 years ago.  We have learned an astounding amount about spinal cord injury.  There is still much we have to learn.  We still don't have an instruction manual for the spinal cord, but we are getting closer to understanding what happens to the body hours, days, weeks, and years after an injury, and discovering ways that we can repair the damage.  The field is currently on the threshold of major discoveries that will lead to new treatments for neurological dysfunction brought about by injury, stroke, degenerative diseases, and developmental and genetic disorders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Please feel free to contact me any time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Best wishes,&lt;br /&gt;Maura Hofstadter&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-815224933782444112?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/815224933782444112/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=815224933782444112' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/815224933782444112'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/815224933782444112'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/12/texto-mais-atual-sobre-as-pesquisas-por.html' title='Spinal Cord Injury Research Review'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-1702481835783505548</id><published>2007-12-16T22:41:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2007-12-16T22:52:03.705-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Video informativo sobre células tronco</title><content type='html'>EuroStemCell public outreach filmAn engaging, accessible and visually stunning introduction to the world of stem cell research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.eurostemcell.org/Outreach/Film/film_eng.htm"&gt;http://www.eurostemcell.org/Outreach/Film/film_eng.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-1702481835783505548?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/1702481835783505548/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=1702481835783505548' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/1702481835783505548'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/1702481835783505548'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/12/video-informativo-sobre-clulas-tronco.html' title='Video informativo sobre células tronco'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-7738665651252042282</id><published>2007-10-10T19:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-10-10T20:26:36.901-07:00</updated><title type='text'>O Momento da verdade</title><content type='html'>Toda pessoa, organização, comunidade e causa, tem seu momento da verdade - o momento quando tudo pelo qual trabalharam e se esforçaram, unem-se e grandes progressos e sucesso são realizados. The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis terá seu momento da verdade em breve. Anos realizando triunfos científicos imprescedentes e agora, estamos embarcando em uma TESTES CIENTÍFICOS EM SERES HUMANOS. Este é um resultado muito importante para a área médica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Desde vinte anos atrás, The Miami Project tem feito incríveis avanços em pesquisa de ponta: melhorando a vida dos lesados medulares. O projeto é o maior e mais reconhecido centro de pesquisa de lesão medular do mundo, empregando mais de 200 cientistas de ponta e tecnicos com orçamento de quase 20 milhões de dólares por ano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:180%;"&gt;Este é o momento da verdade para milhões que se encontram confinados em cadeiras de rodas. Um doce momento para aqueles de nós que sofreu junto com nossos entes queridos e por tanto tempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nossos cientistas correram o mundo conquistando qualificação na área de pesquisa, e em laboratórios de reabilitação, atentando sobre todos os aspectos da lesão medular. Agora, a sabedoria deles e estratégias científicas de sucesso serão aplicados nos humanos portadores de lesão &lt;strong&gt;AGUDO ou CRÔNICA&lt;/strong&gt;. As vidas e esperanças de milhões de pessoas mudará com esta iniciativa. A história da medicina será reescrita e ecoará por todo o mundo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este é também o &lt;strong&gt;SEU&lt;/strong&gt; momento da verdade - o momento onde o trabalho duro e sonho pelo bem estar de outros se concretiza. É o momento da verdade para milhões paralizados pela lesão medular. Um doce momento para aqueles de nós que sofreu junto com nossos entes queridos e por tanto tempo. Um momento gratificante para a Universidade de Miami e todos os envolvidos. Um momento de orgulho para os cientistas, cirurgiões, voluntários, doadores que trabalharam incansavelmente e eficientemente. Esta é nossa obsessão para a cura da lesão medular e ajudar aqueles em cadeira de rodas a levantarem-se novamente - &lt;strong&gt;ESTE SERÁ NOSSO MOMENTO DA VERDADE.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Autores:&lt;br /&gt;Nick Buonicount - Fundador do Miami Project&lt;br /&gt;Mark Buonicount - Embaixador do Miami Project&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tradução do original "The Project", publicação do The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis de julho de 2007.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-7738665651252042282?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/7738665651252042282/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=7738665651252042282' title='6 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/7738665651252042282'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/7738665651252042282'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/10/o-momento-da-verdade.html' title='O Momento da verdade'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>6</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-1201715021058963615</id><published>2007-10-01T20:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-10-01T20:41:28.912-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Heroes</title><content type='html'>Pode acontecer com qualquer um, a qualquer hora em qualquer lugar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://streaming.miami.edu:8080/ramgen/miamiproject/sportsdinner_09282004.rm"&gt;http://streaming.miami.edu:8080/ramgen/miamiproject/sportsdinner_09282004.rm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-1201715021058963615?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/1201715021058963615/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=1201715021058963615' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/1201715021058963615'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/1201715021058963615'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/10/heroes.html' title='Heroes'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-3025669386428984730</id><published>2007-05-14T00:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-14T00:17:12.031-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Santa Catarina terá hospital da rede Sarah</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Uma das maiores redes mundiais em tratamento de reabilitação motora deve se instalar em Santa Catarina. O governador Luiz Henrique da Silveira e a diretora executiva da rede, Sarah Lúcia Willadino Braga, assinaram, segunda-feira, uma carta de intenções para unir esforços e concretizar a instalação do Hospital Sarah em Florianópolis, cuja unidade poderá estar funcionando daqui a três anos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A Rede Sarah de hospitais do aparelho locomotivo é uma instituição pública não-estatal. Recebe verba do governo federal e oferece tratamento gratuito a cerca de um milhão de pacientes por ano. Com unidades instaladas em Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, São Luís, Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro e Macapá, o hospital é referência no atendimento a pacientes com deformidades, traumas, doenças do aparelho locomotivo e de neurodesenvolvimento. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;De acordo com a Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Santa Catarina gasta R$ 3 milhões por ano para mandar 150 pacientes catarinenses ao Hospital Sarah Kubitschek. Oitenta por cento deles são atendidos na unidade de Brasília e 20% em Belo Horizonte. Entre 30 e 40% dos atendimentos nas oito unidades são de pessoas vindas dos três estados do Sul, como informou a diretora executiva da rede Sarah. Estado vai oferecer terreno na Capital O protocolo de intenções assinado pelo governador e pela diretora executiva da rede especifica os compromissos das duas partes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;O Estado vai disponibilizar o espaço de, no mínimo, 40 mil metros quadrados com estrutura básica, providenciar o acesso viário para a unidade e interagir com os órgãos envolvidos. A Associação das Pioneiras Sociais, entidade da rede Sarah, vai desenvolver o projeto, construir o edifício da unidade hospitalar e prestar os serviços públicos à população da região Sul. A diretora afirmou que dentro de três anos será possível concluir a unidade em Santa Catarina e iniciar os atendimentos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Fonte: Diário Catarinense (quinta-feira, 8 de março de 2007)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-3025669386428984730?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/3025669386428984730/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=3025669386428984730' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/3025669386428984730'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/3025669386428984730'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/05/santa-catarina-ter-hospital-da-rede.html' title='Santa Catarina terá hospital da rede Sarah'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-8812049370014121222</id><published>2007-05-07T00:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-07T00:21:48.312-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Testes com chip implantado no cérebro</title><content type='html'>O físico Stephen Hawking é mundialmente conhecido, tanto pelo seu trabalho de divulgação científica, quanto pela sua capacidade de se comunicar, apesar da doença degenerativa que o imobiliza há anos. Em sua última aparição pública, no final do ano passado, ele se comunicava acionando o computador apenas com o movimento dos olhos, o último que lhe resta.&lt;br /&gt;Agora, os deficientes físicos, mesmo aqueles totalmente paralisados, têm uma nova esperança. A FDA, órgão de saúde norte-americano, liberou os primeiros testes clínicos com uma nova tecnologia, que permite que uma pessoa controle um computador por meio de um chip implantado em seu cérebro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chamada BrainGate ("portal do cérebro"), a nova interface neural foi projetada para permitir que os deficientes com imobilidade motora possam se comunicar, ou mesmo acionar equipamentos por meio de um computador, como telefones, TV, as luzes da casa ou qualquer outro dispositivo que possa ser acoplado ao PC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O chip implantado no cérebro é um sensor do tamanho de um comprimido, que contém centenas de finíssimos eletrodos de ouro. No caso do BrainGate, ele é implantado na área do cérebro responsável pelos movimentos. Mas, em outras aplicações, ele poderá também ser implantado em outras áreas do cérebro, responsáveis por outros processos corporais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O princípio de operação por detrás do BrainGate é que, com a função cerebral intacta, os sinais cerebrais são gerados mesmo que eles não sejam enviados ou não cheguem até os braços, mãos e pernas. Os sinais são interpretados e traduzidos em movimentos do cursor na tela, permitindo que, literalmente, o usuário controle o computador com o pensamento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A empresa fabricante do dispositivo, a Cyberkinetics, anunciou que está aprimorando o sistema para que ele possa controlar diretamente dispositivos robóticos, como uma cadeira de rodas inteligente, sem depender da ligação a um computador externo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Embora em um futuro ainda mais distante, a empresa afirma também que, potencialmente, seu sistema poderá ser utilizado para restabelecer o movimento de braços e pernas em alguns tipos de deficiência motora.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-8812049370014121222?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/8812049370014121222/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=8812049370014121222' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/8812049370014121222'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/8812049370014121222'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/05/testes-com-chip-implantado-no-crebro.html' title='Testes com chip implantado no cérebro'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-8045411234463705051</id><published>2007-05-07T00:02:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-07T00:06:21.903-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Entenda a polêmica sobre as células-tronco</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Células-tronco são como curingas, ou seja, células neutras que ainda não possuem características que as diferenciem como uma célula da pele ou do músculo, por exemplo.Essa capacidade em se diferenciar em outros tecidos têm chamado a atenção dos cientistas. Cada vez mais pesquisas mostram que as células-tronco podem recompor tecidos danificados e, assim, teoricamente, tratar um infindável número de problemas, como alguns tipos de câncer, o mal de Parkinson e de Alzheimer, doenças degenerativas e cardíacas ou até mesmo fazer com que pessoas que sofreram lesão na coluna voltem a andar. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Por enquanto, sobram esperanças e faltam pesquisas que, embora aceleradas, ainda estão em estágio inicial. Basicamente, há dois tipos de células-tronco: as extraídas de tecidos maduros de adultos e crianças ou as de embriões.No caso das extraídas de tecidos maduros como, por exemplo, o cordão umbilical ou a medula óssea, as células-tronco são mais especializadas e dão origem a apenas alguns tecidos do corpo.Já as células-tronco embrionárias cada vez se mostram mais eficazes para formar qualquer tecido do corpo. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Esta é a razão pela qual os cientistas desejam tanto pesquisar estas células para possíveis tratamentos. O problema é que, para extrair a célula-tronco, o embrião é destruído.Segundo os cientistas, seriam usados apenas embriões descartados pelas clínicas de fertilização e que, mesmo se implantados no útero de uma mulher, dificilmente resultariam em uma gravidez. Ou seja, embriões que provavelmente nunca se desenvolverão.Porém, essa idéia esbarra na oposição de setores religiosos e grupos anti-aborto que consideram que a vida começa no momento da concepção.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Para tornar a questão ética ainda mais complexa, o implante de células-tronco seria mais eficaz se extraído de um embrião clonado do próprio paciente, pois evitaria o risco de rejeição. Esse procedimento só não serviria para pessoas que apresentam doenças genéticas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fonte:  Folha Online&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-8045411234463705051?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/8045411234463705051/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=8045411234463705051' title='2 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/8045411234463705051'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/8045411234463705051'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/05/entenda-polmica-sobre-as-clulas-tronco.html' title='Entenda a polêmica sobre as células-tronco'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2270358966404246982.post-6889396903272294905</id><published>2007-05-06T23:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-07T00:01:57.749-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Lei de biossegurança que autoriza pesquisa com CT Embrionárias pode ser vetada pelo STF</title><content type='html'>A Lei de Biossegurança aprovada na Câmara e em tramitação no Senado prevê o veto às pesquisas com &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u11309.shtml"&gt;células-tronco embrionárias&lt;/a&gt;.De um lado, os religiosos aprovam a medida porque consideram que o embrião é uma vida humana indefesa e não deve ser considerado como um objeto. De outro lado, estão os cientistas, que dizem que os embriões de clínicas de fertilização têm poucas chances de vida e que as pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias podem curar inúmeras doenças letais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resultados da pesquisa "Você, é a favor das pesquisas com embriões para retirada de células-tronco?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;42% - Sim, não podemos impor barreiras à pesquisa científica&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;46% - Sim, o mais importante é a saúde de quem está vivo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7% - Não, o embrião é o início da vida e deve ter a chance de nascer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5% - Não, os cientistas estão brincando de "Deus"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fonte: Folha de São Paulo 12/03/2004 - 19h07&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2270358966404246982-6889396903272294905?l=curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/feeds/6889396903272294905/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2270358966404246982&amp;postID=6889396903272294905' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/6889396903272294905'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2270358966404246982/posts/default/6889396903272294905'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://curadalesaomedular.blogspot.com/2007/05/lei-de-biossegurana-que-autoriza.html' title='Lei de biossegurança que autoriza pesquisa com CT Embrionárias pode ser vetada pelo STF'/><author><name>Mário A. Diniz de Oliveira</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03219410727482236331</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
